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Chinese Pinyin Chart

Pinyin is the official romanization of Mandarin Chinese. Master these sounds and you can pronounce any Chinese word.

The Four Tones

Every Chinese syllable has one of four tones (plus a neutral/5th tone). The same syllable with different tones means completely different things. Tones are not optional.

ā Tone 1

First Tone

High and flat — hold it steady at a high pitch, like a musical note.

妈 (mā) — mother
á Tone 2

Second Tone

Rising — start low and rise quickly, like asking a question in English.

麻 (má) — hemp
ǎ Tone 3

Third Tone

Dipping — start mid, fall low, then rise. The hardest for beginners.

马 (mǎ) — horse
à Tone 4

Fourth Tone

Falling — start high and drop sharply, like a command.

骂 (mà) — scold
Tone sandhi rule: When two 3rd-tone syllables appear together, the first becomes a 2nd tone. Example: 你好 is written nǐ hǎo but spoken ní hǎo.

Initials (声母) — Consonants

21 initials (plus y and w). Most are similar to English sounds — the tricky ones are marked below.

Pinyin Sounds Like Example Watch Out
b Like English "b" but unaspirated (no puff of air) 爸 bà (dad)
p Like English "p" with a puff of air 怕 pà (afraid)
m Like English "m" 妈 mā (mom)
f Like English "f" 飞 fēi (fly)
d Like English "d" but unaspirated 大 dà (big)
t Like English "t" with a puff of air 他 tā (he)
n Like English "n" 你 nǐ (you)
l Like English "l" 来 lái (come)
g Like English "g" but unaspirated 个 gè (individual)
k Like English "k" with a puff of air 可 kě (can)
h Harsher than English "h" — like clearing your throat gently 好 hǎo (good)
j Like English "j" in "jeep" — but tongue flat 鸡 jī (chicken) Only with i, ü finals
q Like "ch" in "cheese" — tongue flat 去 qù (go) Only with i, ü finals
x Like "sh" in "sheep" — tongue flat 西 xī (west) Only with i, ü finals
zh Like "j" in "judge" — tongue curled back 中 zhōng (middle) Retroflex — curl tongue!
ch Like "ch" in "church" — tongue curled back 吃 chī (eat) Retroflex — curl tongue!
sh Like "sh" in "shore" — tongue curled back 是 shì (is) Retroflex — curl tongue!
r Between English "r" and "zh" — tongue curled back 人 rén (person) No English equivalent
z Like "ds" in "beds" 字 zì (character) Not English "z"
c Like "ts" in "cats" with a puff of air 错 cuò (wrong)
s Like English "s" 四 sì (four)

Simple Finals (单韵母)

Final Tone 1 (ˉ) Tone 2 (ˊ) Tone 3 (ˇ) Tone 4 (ˋ) Example
a ā á ǎ à 啊 (ah)
o ō ó ǒ ò 哦 (oh)
e ē é ě è 鹅 (goose)
i ī í ǐ ì 衣 (clothes)
u ū ú ǔ ù 屋 (house)
ü ǖ ǘ ǚ ǜ 鱼 (fish)

Compound Finals (复韵母)

Final Tone 1 (ˉ) Tone 2 (ˊ) Tone 3 (ˇ) Tone 4 (ˋ) Example
ai āi ái ǎi ài 爱 (love)
ei ēi éi ěi èi 诶 (hey)
ao āo áo ǎo ào 好 (good)
ou ōu óu ǒu òu 偶 (chance)
ia 家 (home)
ie 爷 (grandpa)
iao iāo iáo iǎo iào 叫 (call)
iou iōu ióu iǒu iòu 有 (have)
ua 花 (flower)
uo 多 (many)
uai uāi uái uǎi uài 快 (fast)
uei uēi uéi uěi uèi 对 (right)
üe üē üé üě üè 月 (moon)

Nasal Finals (鼻韵母)

Final Tone 1 (ˉ) Tone 2 (ˊ) Tone 3 (ˇ) Tone 4 (ˋ) Example
an ān án ǎn àn 安 (peace)
en ēn én ěn èn 恩 (grace)
in īn ín ǐn ìn 音 (sound)
un ūn ún ǔn ùn 温 (warm)
ün ǖn ǘn ǚn ǜn 云 (cloud)
ang āng áng ǎng àng 方 (direction)
eng ēng éng ěng èng 能 (can)
ing īng íng ǐng ìng 明 (bright)
ong ōng óng ǒng òng 中 (middle)
ian iān ián iǎn iàn 天 (sky)
iang iāng iáng iǎng iàng 想 (think)
iong iōng ióng iǒng iòng 用 (use)
uan uān uán uǎn uàn 完 (finish)
uang uāng uáng uǎng uàng 床 (bed)
ueng uēng uéng uěng uèng 翁 (old man)
üan üān üán üǎn üàn 远 (far)

Special Final

Final Tone 1 (ˉ) Tone 2 (ˊ) Tone 3 (ˇ) Tone 4 (ˋ) Example
er ēr ér ěr èr 儿 (child)

Initial + Final Combination Chart

Not all initial-final combinations exist in Mandarin. Valid combinations are shown; empty cells are not used.

Initial ↓ / Final → aoeaiaoanangenengouuiiaieiaoianiangininguauouaiuanuangüüeüanün
b ba bo bai bao ban bang ben beng bu bi bie biao bian bin bing
p pa po pai pao pan pang pen peng pou pu pi pie piao pian pin ping
m ma mo me mai mao man mang men meng mou mu mi mie miao mian min ming
f fa fo fan fang fen feng fou fu
d da de dai dao dan dang den deng dou du di die diao dian ding dua duo duan
t ta te tai tao tan tang teng tou tu ti tie tiao tian ting tuo tuan
n na ne nai nao nan nang nen neng nou nu ni nie niao nian niang nin ning nuo nuan nüe nün
l la lo le lai lao lan lang leng lou lu li lia lie liao lian liang lin ling luo luan lüe lün
g ga ge gai gao gan gang gen geng gou gu gua guo guai guan guang
k ka ke kai kao kan kang ken keng kou ku kua kuo kuai kuan kuang
h ha he hai hao han hang hen heng hou hu hua huo huai huan huang
j ji jia jie jiao jian jiang jin jing ju jue juan jun
q qi qia qie qiao qian qiang qin qing qu que quan qun
x xi xia xie xiao xian xiang xin xing xu xue xuan xun
zh zha zhe zhai zhao zhan zhang zhen zheng zhou zhu zhi zhua zhuo zhuai zhuan zhuang
ch cha che chai chao chan chang chen cheng chou chu chi chua chuo chuai chuan chuang
sh sha she shai shao shan shang shen sheng shou shu shi shua shuo shuai shuan shuang
r re rao ran rang ren reng rou ru ri rua ruo ruan
z za ze zai zao zan zang zen zeng zou zu zi zuo zuan
c ca ce cai cao can cang cen ceng cou cu ci cuo cuan
s sa se sai sao san sang sen seng sou su si suo suan
y ya yo ye yao yan yang you yu yi yin ying yue yuan yun
w wa wo wai wan wang wen weng wu

⚠️ Common Pronunciation Traps

x, j, q

These are NOT like English "sh/j/ch". Press your tongue flat against your lower teeth. Your tongue should NOT curl back.

zh, ch, sh, r

These ARE retroflex — curl your tongue tip backward toward the roof of your mouth. Opposite of j/q/x.

ü (the u-umlaut)

Round your lips to say "oo," then try to say "ee." Same as French "u" or German "ü." After j/q/x, written as u (but still pronounced ü).

zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi, ri

The "i" here is not really /i/. It's a buzzy syllabic consonant — just hold the consonant sound: "zzz," "rrr."

e by itself

Not like English "e." It's a mid-back unrounded vowel — like a grunt: "uh" but slightly higher.

Tone 3 sandhi

Two consecutive 3rd tones: the first becomes 2nd tone. 你好 → ní hǎo. 可以 → kéyǐ.